Somaliland: Best Horn of Africa’s Democratic State

Somaliland achieved independence on 26th June 1960, only to be later absorbed into Somalia. However, after a 27-year, 334-day struggle led by the SNM, it reclaimed its independence on 18th May 1991, breaking free from the legacy of the Italian-trained Somali government’s illegal union. Somaliland’s limited access to international markets hasn’t stopped it from making steady democratic gains and attracting foreign investment.

Currently, Somali journalists, analysts specializing in subversion, and politicians all refer to the Republic of Somaliland as a de facto region that could set a precedent for other secessionist movements in Africa. The situation is actually the reverse, with Somalia never having a legal claim over Somaliland. The international community should instead reprimand the expansionist “Somaaliyeed” ideology like German Nazi & Italian Fascist, a harmful propaganda movement initiated in the 19th century that has led to the deaths of millions of Somalilanders due to Somalia’s aggression towards its neighbors as well as against Somaliland genocide.

The Republic of Somaliland doesn’t need the recognition from Somalia as so called “parent-state” or the international community since the country has a distinct history even several centuries or millennia before the British protectorate, who only added a border line in the East in Somalia and Southern side to Ethiopia. Since the time of the Pharaohs, Somaliland has been acknowledged by the international community historians as a self-governing region. There can only be ONE Somaliland; Djibouti and Somalia are products of Western colonial imperialism in Africa. Archaeological findings show a long history for Somaliland, spanning several millennia one way or another.

Somaliland’s post-failed illegal union with Somalia has yielded an unexpected democracy and a thriving port in Berbera, successfully competing with long-established ports in the Horn of Africa.

Historical Divergence:

Somaliland originally is referred to as “Aardu Soomaal” in Arabic first by ancient Arab seafarers Yemeni etc.., then Persian/Indian traders between 4th century-8th century. The region has been called “Somaliland” for millennia and half, though under various official names in the past 2000 years ago, including the British Somaliland Protectorate (1884-1960) and the independent State of Somaliland in 1960.

However, during the first century BCE, the Greeks and Romans called the region encompassing modern-day Somaliland “Barbaria” a pivotal trading hub in the ancient world. The Gulf of Aden trade network relied heavily on nomadic pastoralists, who exchanged goods such as gold, frankincense, and myrrh for luxury imports.

Ancient Greeks in the 1st century CE designated the area we now know as Somaliland as Barbaria. This region also included several cities with Greek names. Malao is located in what is now the city of Berbera. According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Malao was a significant trading hub located beyond Avalites (modern-day Zeila). Heis “Xiis” is known as Mundus.

The term “Al-Barabar” or “the Barbarians” in Arabic, was a general Arab designation for the people of Somaliland. The term’s specific use in Arabic texts was to set Somalis apart from the Habash (Ethiopians). Hebrew, Persian, and Chinese all adopted this term, frequently associating it with Somaliland. The influence of “Al-Barabar” extended beyond Arabic, with variations found in Hebrew (Barbara), Persian (Barbaristan), and Chinese (Pi-pa-li), highlighting its widespread usage, there is evidence of Chinese travelers and traders visiting Somaliland in the 9th century. Specifically, a Tang Dynasty text mentions “Bo-ba-li,”. While commonly associated with Berbera’s port, the term “Barbaria” (originating from Al-Barabar) described a broader area, encompassing both the coast and interior of Somaliland.

Therefore, contact between Greeks and Arab culture and language existed as far back as the Hellenistic period (322-31 BC). The designation of the Somaliland region as “Barbarian” by 1st-century Greeks stemmed from their unfamiliarity with and inability to understand the local Somali language. The French writers of the 18th century, viewing history through an imperialist lens, placed the Somali language’s beginnings in the 15th century; however, the language is demonstrably much older.

Ask yourself why Somaliland is different from Somalia?

Two Islamic Completely Different Empire rise between from (10^th to 16^th Century) in Somaliland

and (12^th-17^th Century) in Somalia

Somalia: Somalia’s Ajuran Sultanate emerged in the late 13th century and lasted into the 14th century. The Omani conquest of Somalia occurred in the early 17th century, under the sultanate of Sayyid Sa’id ibn Sultan al-Sa’id. This resulted in the end of the Sultanate of Mogadishu, with the city subsequently governed by Oman. Somalia came under the Sultan of Zanzibar’s control in 1871. 

Somaliland: The Adal Sultanate, also called the Adal Empire or Barr Saʿad dīn, lasted from roughly 1415 to 1577. Its founder was Sabr ad-Din III, who established it after the Ifat Sultanate fell. From roughly 1275 to 1403, the Ifat Sultanate governed a Horn of Africa area encompassing present-day eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, and parts of Somaliland.

Somaliland saw the establishment of the Isaaq Sultanate in 1700. Historians place the founding of the Gadabuursi Ugazate sultanate between 1575 and 1607. The Warsangali Sultanate was founded in Somaliland in 1218, towards the end of the 13th century. Following the demise of the Adal Sultanate, the Issa clan’s initial Ugaas is believed to have been founded around the 16th century, according to tradition.

Therefore, from the 7th (Zeila Masjid al-Qiblatayn) to the 16th century (Adal Empire fall), distinct Islamic Arab empires conquered Somaliland different from Somalia. With the exception of the short 28-year period from 1960 to 1988 when the Somaliland-Somalia government was so-called “shared” in Mogadishu.

Where is Somaliland?

Somaliland is part of the larger Horn of Africa region. It has hundreds of miles of coastline along the Gulf of Aden to the north, and it borders Ethiopia to the south and west and Djibouti to the northwest. Somalia that lies due east.

JSL Data:

Population = 6.5 million (2025), average a life expectancy of 58 years – Men, and 70-90 years women. Rural areas life expectancy of 56-60 years

Currency = the Somaliland Shilling (SlSh) – with an exchange rate, in 2025, of 1 USD to 10300 SlSh due to the country’s

 Payments = both US Dollars and the Somaliland Shilling can be used – however it is recommended to exchange these before entry into the country and keep everything in small bills

Major Languages = Somali, Arabic and English – which is now used frequently, especially in business transactions

Major Religion = Islam (Sunni) – the source of many of the social norms; eg. most women wear a hijab in public

Capital= Hargeisa – known as the one of the safest places in the Horn of Africa.

Population of Capital = 1.5 million residents

Size = 176,120km² – Somaliland is approximately 72% the size of the UK

Coast = extending 850km to the north, along the Gulf of Aden – with a central port in Berbera, upon which the national economy hinges

Regions = Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag and Sool with 13 districts

Urban Centres = Hargeisa, Burao, Berbera, Borama, Erigavo and Las Anod

Visa = a visa is required for entry to Somaliland – generally costing around USD 40, it is obtained at the Somaliland representative offices in Addis Ababa, the UK, the USA and France etc…

Main Airport = Hargeisa Egal International Airport

Main Port = Berbera Port – also provides access to the Indian Ocean for landlocked Ethiopia

Technology = there are approximately 6.5 million mobile phone subscribers in Somaliland – 90% of the total population

Political Contacts = Ethiopia, Djibouti, Belgium, France, Ghana, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States…etc…

Source of Energy = diesel – however renewable energy has a lot of potential; for instance, the Buroa Hospital set up solar panels and saved around USD 5,500 a month in expenses, and received much more reliable power

Topographic Zones = 3 topographic zones form Somaliland

Ogo (the coastal range): a high plateau that ranges from 6,000ft at sea level in the north to 7,000ft at sea level in the south

Guban (the coastal plain): an area of low- lying coastal plains

Hawd (a plateau): red sandy plains that stretch southwards

Climate

The humidity of the country varies from 63% in the dry season to 82% in the wet season, with an average annual rainfall of 14.5in – compared with that of the UK’s, that averages at 33.7in per year.

Winter: Late November to Early March:

• The coolest and driest time of the year
• Virtually no rainfall in Ogo and Hawd Some rainfall in Guban
• Human and livestock populations increase in Guban

Spring: Late March to Early June:

• The major rainy season
• Heaviest rainfall in Ogo and Hawd
• A period of fresh grazing and abundant surface water
• The breeding season for livestock

Summer: Late June to August:

• Hot, windy and dry
• Often some scattered showers in Ogo
• Temperatures can reach up to 38° in Guban

Autumn: September to Early November

• The minor rainy reason
• Less precipitation than in spring
• Still experiences high temperatures

What is its political status?

Politics and the Government

Somaliland’s government followed a traditional clan-based form of governance. However, Somaliland’s government is a now multi-party democratic system that is made up of 3 branches: the Legislature – composed of the House of Elders and the House of Representatives; the Executive – composed of the Head of State and his Council of Ministers; and the Judiciary. These branches function separately, exercising the powers allocated to them under the region’s Constitution, that was put into effect in 2001.

Even though Somaliland’s government has not been politically recognized, political ties with some foreign governments exist with countries such as Ethiopia, Djibouti, South Africa, Sweden, the US and the UK. As well as this, Ethiopia has a trade office in Hargeisa.

There are still aspects of the Somaliland government policy that are wholly traditional. An example is that the government continues to apply the 1962 penal code of the Somali Republic.

Somaliland Political Parties since 1991

1991-1993 President Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur – Party: Somali National Movement (SNM)

1993 – 2002 President Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal – Party: United Peoples’ Democratic Party (UDUB)

2002 – 2010 President Dahir Riyale Kahin – Party: United Peoples’ Democratic Party (UDUB)

2010 – 2017 President Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud Silanyo – Party: Peace, Unity, and Development Party (KULMIYE)

2017 – 2024 President Muse Bihi Abdi – Party: Peace, Unity, and Development Party (KULMIYE)

2024 – present President Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi Cirro – Party: Waddani

Republic of Somaliland liberated its territory from Somalia’s government after reclaiming its independence of 26^th June 1960. It has held its own democratic elections since 2003, 2005 & 2010 & 2017, 2024 it saw a largely peaceful transfer of power

On 18^th May 1991, Somaliland rejected the illegal union of 1960s and declared its independence of 1960s separate from Somalia. 34 years on, it still has not received political recognition as it has legal recognition from the international community.

Since 2003, Somaliland has held a series of democratic elections resulting in orderly transfers of power, exhibiting a level of political maturity that has eluded many recognised states.

Somaliland has a constitution and bicameral parliament with proportional clan representation, and an elected president and vice president. Somaliland authorities have established functioning administrative institutions in all of the territory Somaliland claim, which is the same as the Somaliland state that achieved international recognition briefly in 1960 before entering into a union with the former Italian colony of Somalia.

In a 2001 referendum, 97 percent of voters supported Somaliland independence. The Somaliland Constitution provides for freedom of association, and this right was generally respected in practice Legislation governing the formation of political parties in Somaliland limits the number of parties allowed to contest general elections to three. An ad hoc commission nominated by the president and approved by the legislature was responsible for considering applications. The law provides that approved parties obtaining 20 percent of the vote are allowed to operate. There were three approved political parties.

Somaliland Economic

ECONOMY

The economy of Somaliland, which is described as an open economy, heavily depends on international trade. Somaliland’s GDP in 2025 is projected to reach $556.3 million. While GDP per capita is projected to increase to $1,361 in 2024, it has been noted to be $1,500 in 2022 according to the Somaliland Local Government eServices website. Somaliland’s GDP per capita is significantly lower than many other countries, with recent estimates ranging from $852 to $1,500. It falls within a range similar to some of the poorest countries in the world, such as Niger ($2.1 thousand) and Malawi ($1.78 thousand). The Somaliland shilling which cannot easily be exchanged outside Somaliland on account of the nation’s lack of recognition, is regulated by the Bank of Somaliland, the central bank, which was established constitutionally in 1994. As a result, the Somaliland government relies mainly upon tax receipts and remittances from the large Somalilanders diaspora, which contribute immensely to Somaliland’s economy. Remittances come to Somaliland through money transfer companies, the largest of which is Dahabshiil, one of the few Somali money transfer companies that conform to modern money-transfer regulations. Somaliland’s economy relies significantly on remittances, estimated by the World Bank to reach approximately US$1 billion per year. These remittances are vital for the Somaliland economy. However, the economy is heavily reliant on agriculture, livestock, and remittances from Somalilanders working abroad.

This is largely due to the peace and stability in the region that has attracted international organizations. It has also faced the problem of trade deficit. However, this has been financed by external aid from mainly NGOs and remittances from the Somaliland Diaspora, which is invested in areas such as education, health services and small businesses. Now the establishment of the Somaliland Development Fund (SDF) has meant that the Government has greater control over external resources. The main factor that is holding back Somaliland’s economy currently is the lack of a structured financial system.

Exports

Livestock is the backbone of Somaliland’s economy. Sheep, camels, and cattle are shipped from the Berbera port and sent to Gulf Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia. The most important source of income for the Republic of Somaliland is livestock, which is estimated to contribute to almost 30% of the nation’s GDP. In this, camels, cattle, sheep and goats are the primary species. Cereals, crops, hides, and gums (eg. frankincense) are other important exports.

Agriculture & Fishery

Transforming agricultural development and production in Somaliland: The Geography of Agriculture: Somaliland Agricultural Regions: Gabiley, Sanaag, and Awdal powerful for many reasons like more rain per year and historical skills population in agriculture. Somaliland Production Industry: Beef, Sheep and Goats, Poultry (infancy industry), Maize… Somaliland obstacles: The Somaliland small farmer cannot buy needed equipment and supplies. Moreover, Somaliland lack of commercial agriculture: deficiency of rains and severe drought every 10 years, and minimal arable lands because climate Somaliland has a dry season.

Agriculture is generally considered to be a potentially successful industry, especially in the production of cereals and horticulture. Only 3% of Somaliland’s land is under cultivation, but there is an additional 37% of land that has potential. Despite the estimated maximum sustainable yield of 40,000 tons of fish that could be harvested in the national waters, production of fish contributes to less than 2% of the GNP, and so fisheries have a lot of potential. The majority of these exports are shipped from the Port of Berbera to Somaliland’s main trading partners: Saudi Arabia (the leading trading partner), the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Ethiopia, China, Pakistan, India, Kenya, Brazil, Thailand and Malaysia. Other than that, they are sold predominantly in urban markets, but occasionally in local markets.

Somaliland Fishery Sector

Somaliland coastal line stretches 850km along the Gulf of Aden.

1. Fishing in Somaliland is dominated by artisanal fishing, which involves a small boat (5-8.5m in length) and a crew of 3-7 members.
2. Local market demand for fish is increasing, and there is significant potential to export to neighbouring countries.
3. Somali land fishermen are capturing only 1% of the estimated sustainable catch. This represents an immense opportunity for fishermen.
4. A major problem for the fishery sector is the lack of reliable statistical data, which could inform investors of market trends and insight.
5. Impassable coastal roads make ground transportation of fish catch nearly impossible.
6. Most fishermen lack a proper cold chain –that is keeping their catch cold (thus stopping spoilage) on the boat, while stored on land, and during ground transportation to the end customer.

Rural-to-urban migration

Somaliland Revolution : Hargeisa, Berbera and Burco, Laascaanood and Ceerigaabo, Borama and Gabiley. The reason of urbanisation cities is the expansion of rural population immigration to cities for many reasons drought and job-related issues. However, the international youth Somalilander migration is an indicator of the local economy at a slow pace and/or social failures of the society by not offering opportunities.

Imports

Due to the lack of standard domestic production, the primary imports are food, fuel and manufactured goods, which once again come in through the Port of Berbera. Somaliland’s main trading partners for imports are Ethiopia, Yemen, Brazil, Thailand, China, Oman, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Japan, Malta and Italy.

Natural Resources

Somaliland has available a wide range between 73-110 of divers’ natural resources according to the US geology survey, such as gold, iron, lead and rubies, etc. Mining also has potential, though simple quarrying represents the extent of current operations, despite the presence of diverse quantities of mineral deposits.

Somaliland Minerals lists:

The 3,548 artisanal mines operating in Somaliland’s Awdal, Saaxil, Gabiley, Togdheer, and Sanaag regions in 2025 contrasted sharply with the ten-year delay of major international oil and gas projects, a postponement caused by insecurity in the eastern regions of Somaliland. Gemstones mining production dominates artisanal mining. Somaliland lacks any industrial-scale ore extraction for export or local needs, except in the Berbera district (big companies).

1. Aegirine: Aegirine can be used as a pigment, especially in paints and art mediums. It’s found in various colors, including shades of brown and yellow, allowing for a range of artistic applications.
2. Albite: Uses: Used in ceramics, porcelain, and glass manufacturing. Can also be cut and polished for jewelry.
3. Allanite Group: Due to its content of radioactive elements like thorium and uranium, allanite is used by geologists to determine the age of rocks
4. Amphibole Supergroup: Amphiboles are a group of silicate minerals, some of which are used in various applications, including building materials, construction, and even as asbestos insulation
5. Apatite: used as a source of phosphate for fertilizer production and in various industrial applications. It’s also sometimes used as a gemstone. Besides, fertilizer, apatite is used in pharmaceuticals, ceramics, textile production, and the production of pure chemicals, insecticides, sugar refining, and explosives. It has also been proposed as a material for nuclear waste storage.
6. Baryte: used in a wide range of applications, primarily as a weighting agent in oil and gas drilling muds. It also finds use as a radiation shielding material, a filler in various products like paints and plastics, and in medical applications. Barite is used in sound reduction in engine compartments. It’s also used in friction products for automobiles and trucks.
7. Beryl: use in gemstones, particularly emeralds and aquamarines. Beryllium extracted from beryl is used in a variety of applications, including aerospace, electronics, and nuclear reactors.
8.  Aquamarine: used in aerospace, medical, nuclear, and other industries, including regulating neutron flow in beryllium-moderated reactors. Aquamarine can be used to create decorative objects and carvings. Aquamarine was used by various cultures, including Egyptians, Greeks, Hebrews, and Sumerians, for symbolic and decorative purposes.
9. Emerald: still primarily used in jewelry, emeralds also hold symbolic and historical significance, continuing to be appreciated for their beauty and cultural value.
10. Biotite: By measuring the ratio of potassium to argon in biotite, scientists can determine the age of the rock. Electronics: As an insulating material in electronics, particularly for heat and electrical insulation. Construction: Used in drywall and gypsum board to provide insulation and in plasters and paints. Insulation in Other Industries: In paints, rubbers, plastics, and even as a non-stick coating on asphalt shingles and rolled roofing. Drilling Fluid: Biotite can be added to drilling fluids to prevent fluid loss from porous formations. Cosmetics and other industries: Biotite is also used in some cosmetics and other industries.
11. Calcite: Cement and Concrete: Calcite is a primary ingredient in both cement and concrete production. Construction Materials: It’s used in building materials like mortar, and is also found in various forms of marble, which is used for statuary, carvings, and as a facing stone. Flux in Metallurgical Processes: Calcite acts as a flux during the smelting of iron ores. Agricultural Lime: Used to adjust soil pH and improve fertility. Water Treatment: Calcite can help remove phosphorus from water, which can inhibit the overgrowth of cyanobacteria. Pigment & Colorant: Calcite’s white color makes it a pigment in paints and cosmetics, and it’s used as an approved colorant in makeup. Texture Enhancer: In skincare, it can help thicken formulas and improve texture.
12. Cancrinite: uses are primarily related to its aesthetic appeal and its presence in certain rock types, with potential for broader applications in the future. While it’s not as widely used as some other minerals, it’s occasionally used as a gemstone, and it can be found in rocks that are used in construction and ceramics.
13. Corundum: Mechanical parts: Synthetic corundum is used to produce tubes, rods, bearings, and other machined parts. Scratch-resistant optics: It’s incorporated into lenses, screens, and other optical components. Watch crystals: The high hardness of corundum makes it suitable for scratch-resistant watch crystals. Optical and space equipment: Large crystals of synthetic corundum are used in telescopes, satellite windows, and other high-end machinery. Ceramic armor: Corundum’s high hardness and durability make it a good choice for ceramic armor. Refractories: Due to its high melting point, corundum can be used in refractory materials.
14. Ruby:  are primarily used as gemstones in jewelry, prized for their vibrant red color and high durability. Beyond jewelry, they are also used in various industrial applications, including lasers, optical components, and abrasives.
15. Sapphire:  are primarily used for their aesthetic properties, particularly in jewelry, and also for their hardness and durability in various industrial and technical applications. They are renowned for their beauty and durability, making them a popular choice for gemstones. Industrial and Technical Applications: Scratch-Resistant and UV-Resistant/Abrasives/Optical Components/Bearings and Wafer Substrates/Lasers/
16. Danalite:  Danalite is a fascinating mineral with a rich history, its primary use is as a collector’s item and a subject of study for mineralogists, rather than having widespread industrial applications
17. Dolomite: It’s used to improve soil quality, as a building material, as a flux in steelmaking, and as a source of magnesium. Dolomite is a constituent of refractory bricks, which are used in high-temperature applications. Water Treatment: Dolomite can be used in water treatment to remove impurities and neutralize acidity. Rubber and Paint Industries: Dolomite can be used as a filler material in the production of rubber and paint.
18. Garnet Group: Garnets have been used as gemstones for centuries, particularly for jewelry and ornaments. Lithium-oxide garnets: These garnets are being researched for use as electrolytes in batteries. Other applications: Garnet is also used in filtration media, ceramics, glass, and as an electronic component.
19. Hornblende Root Name Group: In essence, hornblende is a common name for a group of minerals that are found in various rocks and have a range of practical and decorative uses, primarily in construction and as decorative stones. Construction: Crushed amphibolite, which often contains hornblende, is used for railroad ballast, highway construction, and as building material. Decoration: Hornblende is sometimes cut and polished for use as “black granite” in tiles, countertops, and building faces. Other Uses: Hornblende can also be used for decorative purposes in smaller quantities, such as in statues or carvings.
20. Ilmenite: Titanium Metal Production: Ilmenite is used to produce titanium metal, which is valued for its high strength, light weight, and corrosion resistance, making it suitable for: Aerospace applications (aircraft and spacecraft)/ Medical implants/High-performance engineering applications. Other Industrial Uses: Steelmaking: Ilmenite is used as a flux in blast furnace hearth refractory. Welding rod coatings: Ilmenite provides titanium and iron components for specific applications. Ceramics and glass manufacturing: Ilmenite can be used in certain ceramics and glass formulations. Abrasive: Ilmenite’s hardness also makes it a useful abrasive. Some granular ilmenite is used in clay bodies and glazes for brown specks and in crystalline glazes, similar to rutile.
21. Magnetite: Magnetic Applications: Magnetic Materials: Its high magnetism makes it suitable for creating electronic components and data storage devices. Audio Recording: Historically, it was used in early magnetic tape-recording technology. Ferrofluids: Magnetite nanoparticles can be used in ferrofluids, which have applications in targeted drug delivery and audio transducers. Other Applications: Paints and Ceramics: It serves as a pigment in paints and ceramics. Geothermal Energy: It can be used as a heat carrier in geothermal applications. Medical Applications: It can be used as a contrast agent in MRI and for magnetic hyperthermia. Paleomagnetic Studies: Its ferrimagnetic properties are used to study the Earth’s magnetic field and plate tectonics.
22. Microcline: Microcline, a member of the feldspar family, is used in various applications, including decorative stone, space-age building materials, ceramics, and glassmaking. Ceramics and Glassmaking: Microcline is used in the production of ceramics and glass.
23. Molybdenite: Molybdenite, a mineral source of molybdenum, is primarily used as an alloying agent in steel, making it stronger, harder, and more resistant to corrosion and wear at high temperatures. It is also employed as a lubricant in high-temperature environments and as a component in semiconductor devices. Molybdenum’s uses in steel: Alloying: Molybdenum is added to steel to enhance its properties, making it tough, heat-resistant, and suitable for various applications. Applications: These alloys are used in structural components, aircraft parts, and forged automobile parts. Other uses of Molybdenum: Lubrication: Molybdenite itself, and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), are used as lubricants in high-temperature applications. Semiconductors: Monolayer molybdenite flakes have unique properties and can be used in transistors and optoelectronic devices. Other applications: Molybdenum is also used in catalysts, pigments, and chemical industries.
24. Nepheline: Flux in Glass and Ceramics: Nepheline’s alkali content acts as a flux, reducing the need for additional fluxing agents and lowering the temperature required to melt and form glass and ceramics. Glass Manufacturing: Nepheline increases the resistance to scratching, breaking, and chemical corrosion in glass, and improves its thermal endurance. Ceramics Manufacturing: Nepheline is used in ceramics, particularly for tiles, sinks, toilet bowls, and countertops, where it helps lower melting temperatures and improve durability. Other Industries: Nepheline can be used as a filler in various materials, including paints, plastics, foam rubber, and as a sorbent in different industries. Construction Materials: Nepheline syenite, a rock containing nepheline, is used in building materials, including tiles, railroad tracks, and cobblestone pavement, due to its resistance to weathering and durability.
25. Opal: Opal, a silica mineraloid, is widely used as a gemstone, particularly in jewelry, carvings, and inlay work. In summary, opals are primarily used for their aesthetic value in jewelry and decorative arts, but also have some industrial applications.
26. Precious Opal: These opals are known for their vibrant play of colors, caused by the diffraction of light within their internal structure. They are highly sought after as gemstones.
27. Phlogopite: Electrical Insulation: Phlogopite’s ability to withstand high temperatures makes it suitable for use in electrical insulation, particularly in applications like furnace linings and heat shields. Ground phlogopite can be used as a non-stick surface coating on asphalt shingles and rolled roofing. Cosmetics and Paint: Phlogopite is used as a pigment in cosmetics and paint, contributing to its sparkle and color properties. Industrial Uses: Phlogopite is used in various industrial applications, including aerospace, automotive, and in the construction of furnaces.
28. Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite: a type of amphibole mineral, is used in research and analysis. It is primarily studied for its crystal structure and optical properties, including its polarized optical absorption spectra. While it’s not a mineral used for widespread industrial applications, its chemical and physical characteristics are valuable for understanding mineral formation processes and the properties of related minerals.
29. Powellite: Powellite’s primary industrial use is as a minor ore of molybdenum, a metal crucial in creating alloys like structural steel. High-Temperature Applications: Molybdenum-based alloys are used in demanding environments like jet engines and combustion liners, where high temperatures and corrosion resistance are essential. Electrical and Electronic Components: Molybdenum is used in various electrical and electronic components, including filament supports, anodes, and grids. Protective Coatings: Molybdenum can be used as a protective coating for other metals, offering excellent resistance to wear.
30. Pyrite: Pyrite, often called “fool’s gold,” is a mineral with various uses, including being a source of sulfur for sulfuric acid production, a cathode material in batteries, and even a mineral detector in radio receivers. Lithium Batteries: Pyrite can be used as a cathode material in certain types of non-rechargeable lithium metal batteries.
31. Pyrochlore Group: Pyrochlore is a significant ore mineral for niobium and tantalum, which are crucial in producing high-strength, low-alloy steels and used in the electronics industry. Some pyrochlore-group minerals also contain REEs, which are essential for various technological applications, including semiconductors, displays, batteries, and high-performance magnets. Pyrochlore materials have been investigated for their potential use in solid oxide fuel cells. Nuclear Waste Disposal: Their properties have also made them candidates for immobilizing nuclear waste. High-Temperature Thermal Barrier Coatings: Pyrochlore materials are used in high-temperature thermal barrier coatings for applications like engine parts. Automobile Exhaust Gas Control: They can also be employed in catalytic converters for exhaust gas control.
32. Pyrope: primarily used as a gemstone. Its transparent form is prized for its deep red to purplish-red color, sometimes even resembling a ruby. Additionally, pyrope is an indicator mineral for high-pressure rocks and is used in the search for diamonds. Kimberlite Identification: Pyrope’s association with diamonds in kimberlite rocks makes it a valuable tool for locating diamond deposits.
33. Pyrrhotite: Wastewater Treatment: Pyrrhotite can effectively remove phosphorus from wastewater through a process called adsorption. pyrrhotite can be a good indicator of the presence of economic nickel deposits.
34. Quartz: Quartz sand (silica sand) is the primary ingredient in the production of various types of glass, including containers, flat glass, and fiberglass. Quartz crystals, due to their piezoelectric properties, are used in oscillators for clocks, watches, radios, and other electronic devices. Quartz is used in the production of silicon wafers, which are essential for computer chips and other semiconductors. Cosmetics: Quartz can be used in toothpaste and other cosmetic products. Quartz sand is used in hydraulic fracturing to hold open fractures in oil and gas wells.
35. Amethyst: Amethyst is a popular choice for necklaces, rings, earrings, and other forms of jewelry.
36. Rock Crystal: It’s a key component in the production of glass, sand, ceramics, bricks, and abrasives, among other things. Rock crystal’s piezoelectric properties make it essential in crystal oscillators, which are crucial for timing and frequency control in electronic devices like clocks and radios. Its optical properties, including its ability to refract light, make it suitable for use in lenses, prisms, and other optical instruments.
37. Zircon: It’s primarily used as a gemstone, but also as an opacifier in ceramics, in refractories, and for geological dating. Zirconium, derived from zircon, is used in nuclear fuel rods, chemical applications, and as an alloying agent in various materials. Refractories and Foundry Casting: Zircon’s high melting point and resistance to heat make it valuable in these applications. Zircon contains radioactive isotopes, primarily uranium and lead, which decay over time. By measuring the ratio of these isotopes, geologists can accurately determine the age of rocks, going back billions of years. Nuclear Fuel Rods: Zirconium alloys are used to clad fuel rods in nuclear reactors, providing corrosion resistance and structural support. Chemical Industry: Zirconium is resistant to many acids and alkalis, making it valuable in chemical processing. Alloying Agent: Zirconium is added to other metals to enhance their properties, such as resistance to corrosion and heat. Medical Applications: Zirconia (zirconium oxide) is used in dental and surgical implants due to its biocompatibility and strength. Other Industrial Uses: Zirconium compounds are used in ceramics, abrasives, and various other specialty applications.
38. Gold: Most of the gold that is fabricated today goes into the manufacture of jewelry. However, because of its superior electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion and other desirable combinations of physical and chemical properties, gold also emerged in the late 20th century as an essential industrial metal. At the moment, in 2025, there are 2800 Somalilander small artisanal mining in Awdal and Togdheer and Sanaag, as well as Gabiley region.
39. Diamonds: Somaliland territory has been confirmed to have diamond ore deposit between 1955 then again in 2016 but the diamonds themselves form deep within the Earth, mining operations usually focus on extracting diamonds from kimberlite pipes, which can have minimum depths of up to 240 meters. Therefore, no Somalilander artisanal mining can reached it that level of mining operations.

The main deposits drawing international attention are coal, gas and oil, where agreements have already been reached with Genel Energy, Taiwan, and others international Energy cooperation. Renewable energy has even more potential, especially solar and wind energy, and a legal framework is being developed to better regulate this sector and protect the investors.

Oil explorations

In August 2012 Somaliland government awarded Genel Energy license to explore oil within its territory. Results of a surface seep study completed early in 2015 confirmed the outstanding potential offered in SL-10B and SL-13 block and Oodweyne block with estimated oil reserves of 1 billion barrel each. Genel Energy is set to drill exploration well for SL-10B and SL-13 block in Buur-Dhaab 20 kilometers northwest of Aynabo by the end of 2018.

Diaspora

The majority of the Somaliland Diaspora lives in western Europe, north America and the Arabian Peninsula, and they contribute greatly to the economy through the money they remit to the country. As well as this, on returning to Somaliland, these displaced people are able to transfer ideas and knowledge for the success of the nation, further contributing to the economy.

Tourism

Somaliland tourism only creates a small revenue for the country because the private companies of Somaliland don’t invest enough (Hotels & Seabeach huts, etc…). The rock art and caves at Laas Geel, situated on the outskirts of Hargeisa, are a popular local tourist attraction. Totalling ten caves, they were discovered by a French archaeological team in 2002 and are believed to date back around 5,000 years. The government and locals keep the cave paintings safe and only a restricted number of tourists are allowed entry. Other notable sights include the Freedom Arch in Hargeisa and the War Memorial in the city centre. Natural attractions are very common around the region. The Naasa Hablood are twin hills located on the outskirts of Hargeisa that Somalis in the region consider to be a majestic natural landmark.

The Ministry of Tourism has also encouraged travellers to visit historic towns and cities in Somaliland. The historic town of Sheekh is located near Berbera and is home to old British colonial buildings that have remained untouched for over forty years. Berbera also houses historic and impressive Ottoman architectural buildings.

Zeila is another equally renowned historical city. During the 12th-16th centuries, Zeila flourished as a major trading centre and important port for the Ifat and Adal Islamic empires. Tourists visit the city for its colonial landmarks, coastal mangroves and coral reefs, dramatic cliffs, and beaches. The nomadic culture of Somaliland has proven to be a tourist attraction as well. Nomads predominantly reside in rural areas. Famous in Zeila is the Masjid al-Qiblatayn, a mosque in ruins from the 7th century. Archaeological findings confirm that Zeila was settled during the Bronze Age, starting in the 4th millennium BC (5,500 years ago).

BERBERA PORT

In June 2016, the Somaliland government signed an agreement with DP World to manage the strategic port of Berbera with the aim of enhancing productive capacity and acting as an alternative port for landlocked Ethiopia. Over the years, the Port of Berbera has seen an increasing amount of port traffic, and have broken all international and Africa records: with the help of DP World investment.

INVESTMENTS

Almost every sector in Somaliland, from the livestock and fishery sectors to the media sector to the energy sector are potentially prosperous opportunities for investment due to their current developmental immaturity and given that the country is relatively stable. However, investing in Somaliland can prove difficult, due to the structure of the economy: access to credit is limited; transport and power costs are high; and the legal framework can be poorly implemented, all coupled with the informal status of Somaliland as a country. Schemes to address these problems over the recent years have included the Somaliland Development Fund, chartered with rebuilding much needed infrastructure such as roads and water supply systems, which in turn facilitates international and local business opportunities.

TAX

The tax system in Somaliland is a regressive tax system, and one that needs improving since the country collects less than 7% of its GDP in tax revenues

– below the minimum level of 20% considered by the UN as necessary for sustainable growth. Moreover, corruption exists in this tax system.

Despite this, over recent years the tax system has been shifting from an informal system to a more coherent one, and local authorities are taking control so that it can be dealt with more effectively. In addition, the population of Somaliland is still very willing to pay tax, not only because they want to support their unrecognized country as it receives a very low level of foreign support, but also because they have seen improvements from the income of taxes, such as newly constructed roads, rubbish collection and vehicles for establishments such as hospitals.

BANKING

Since 1991, Somaliland has gone from having no banking system in place at all, to having just money transfer companies, to establishing a central bank in 1994, to the instalment of its first commercial bank in 2009. Currently, Somaliland has a dual banking system, encompassing a Western banking system and an Islamic banking system, and a lot of the banks, especially in Hargeisa, are often crowded. Furthermore, most banks provide business, international, personal and private banking to their clients, and accommodate commodities exchanges. The Bank of Somaliland, which formed in 1994, is the Central Bank of Somaliland. It also operates as a commercial bank and has 8 branches throughout the country.

There are only a few ATMs in Somaliland and they accept Visa, Mastercard, American Express and Salaam Card. ATMs are found in locations such as the Ambassador Hotel and Safari Hotel of Somaliland, however there are plans to set up more.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

TRANSPORT

Bus services operate in Hargeisa, Burao, Gabiley, Berbera and Borama. There are also road transportation services between the major towns and adjacent villages, which are operated by different types of vehicles. Among these are taxis, four-wheel drives, minibuses and light goods vehicles (LGV). Somaliland has road transport services between the major towns and neighboring villages, which are operated by vehicles such as taxis (a slightly more expensive form of transport), four-wheel drives, minibuses and vans. However, despite this, as a foreign traveller, to leave the capital you are required to be accompanied by a government security guard – a British-trained Special Protection Unit (SPU), costing around USD 20 per day – and so a hire car is recommended. It is possible however to get an exemption from this and the paperwork is required as soon as you reach the checkpoints on the edge of the city. As well as this, an official form from the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism that lists the places you intend to visit is advisable, to reduce the time spent at the checkpoints outside Hargeisa.

Somaliland possesses no rail infrastructure, however there is a scheme underway for the creation of a railway to connect Ethiopia with the Port of Berbera.

Power

In 2010, Somaliland had an estimated generating capacity of 77 MW, although only 44% of this generating capacity was actually realized because of the potentially poor condition of the generators. In this, it costs just under UDS $1 per kWh, compared to the cost in America of just USD 0.12 per kWh. It is one of the most expensive commodities in Somaliland because of the state of the infrastructure and the use of diesel. Diesel is almost the only fuel used in Somaliland for electricity generation, however there is a large potential for renewable energy throughout the country that some Somalilanders have already taken advantage of. Somaliland, like most of Africa, experiences frequent power cuts.

Telecommunications

Since the late 1990s, service provisions have significantly improved through limited government provisions and contributions from non-governmental organisations, religious groups, the international community (especially the diaspora), and the growing private sector. Various telecommunications firms also have branches in Somaliland. Among these companies is Telesom, one of the largest operators in Somaliland. Other telecommunication firms serving the region include Somtel, Telcom and NationLink.

In Somaliland, an international telephone call is less than USD 0.20 per minute, which makes it one of the cheapest for international calls in Africa. As well as other various private telephone companies set up in Somaliland, Telesom, founded in 2002, is one of the largest operators. The firm has the objective of supplying the local market with services such as fixed line, internet access and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), for which you can easily buy a SIM, and consequently save charges on roaming. Telesom is a major asset for Somaliland as it provides communication between enterprises and an extensive network that covers all of Somaliland’s major cities and more than 40 districts in both Somaliland and Somalia. As well as this, telecommunication services are enhanced by a fibre optic infrastructure, installed by SOMCABLE, that covers a total distance of 1,200km and connects Somaliland’s major cities and towns and the rest of the world. Internet connection speeds vary from pretty good to acceptable, and it can be found in the Internet Cafés in the major towns, and as a complimentary service in most hotels. Somaliland has improved Communication, they are the best in Horn Africa in mobile/telephone technologies imports and have dozen television, and radio including most cities have an internet connection.

POST

Although there is an absence of postal services throughout Somaliland, DHL Express serves the capital Hargeisa.

MEDIA

The official radio of Somaliland is government-owned Radio Hargeisa, which was set up in 2001. Although there is also the BBC and various internet-based radio stations. Similarly, there is one government-owned television station called Somaliland National Television, plus some satellite stations, such as HornCable TV and Universal TV, which broadcast from the Middle East and London, and so channels in English are available.

Somaliland a way forward:

• Engagement with the International Development Agencies for capacity development
• Increase supply and create demand driven training and Promote employment
• Emphasize TVET; raise its image; link close to economic transformation
• Develop “mission-oriented” training system focused on sectors and products being promoted; bring in business as partner
• Provide technical and managerial skills training
• Support research and development
• Promote foreign direct investment
• Promote better technology and quality assurance
• Establish a business-friendly environment
• Facilitate the development of the financial sector
• Provide an enabling business environment and encourage investment in crucial sectors like energy to minimize costs
• Develop the livestock value chains through extension services in rearing and finished products
• Improving crop production to compete with imports

Somaliland Contribution Economy:

• Livestock industry in Somaliland is 29.5%
• Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles is 19.6%
• Growing of crops in Somaliland is 8.2%
• Taxes and Subsidies in Somaliland is 6.7%
• Real estate activities in Somaliland is 6.4%
• Forestry in Somaliland is 5.3%
• Construction in Somaliland is 3.7%
• Public administration and defence of Somaliland is 3.4%
• Accommodation and food service activities in Somali land is 2.9%
• Education in Somaliland is 2.7%
• Information and communication is 2.2%
• Manufacturing exclusive meat processing is 1.8%
• Professional and support services is 1.6%
• Transportation and storage is 1.5%
• Human health and social work activities is 1.4%
• Mining and quarrying is 1.3%
• Somali land Electricity supply is 0.8%
• Other service activities is 0.4%
• Financial activities is 0.3%
• Somali land Fishing is 0.2%
• Water supply, sewerage and waste management is 0.2%

Somaliland Problems/Barriers:

• Inadequate infrastructure
• High cost of fuel and electricity
• Lack of access to credit and regular banking facilities
• Inability to obtain international insurance or guarantees
• Time consuming procedure for setting up companies
• Limited technical skills
• Absence of business support institutions (BDS Providers etc)
• Limited capacity of entrepreneurs. They cannot develop relationship in internationals sectors. They are confined within boarder.
• Somaliland is not part of the WTO
• Foreign-investment is not yet realized and there are no many incentives in technology-transfer etc.

Economic Imbalance in Somaliland: Especially the production of goods vs Import of goods and that is a danger in the future of Somaliland economy. Somaliland politic: The Somaliland government is stable in the past 30 years and have no regional trade barriers. However, Somaliland is a country not recognized by the international community and with no bilateral investment, the population with their government has reinvented: “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”. The process of inventing never ends: to attain self-reliance. Nevertheless, the danger ahead rise of businesspeople to power: Growing middle class in big cities of Somaliland, with high population density wealth based in small industry, direct political power in their favour.

Somaliland Economic Changes: The Somalilander are entrepreneurs capitalist that defines a person who starts investing a business to make a profit so the labour division and specialization in Somaliland is growing. However, Somalilander business people are lacking the capacity to make a corporation and that means they do not create a company owns by stockholders (between 10 rich peoples or minimum 1000 middle-class peoples) to have purchased shares of stock of the company. The reasons are lack of well-functioning legal and assurances protection if they encounter losses in their endeavour. Thus, Somaliland is in catch-22 in terms of local population investing in mass in a company creation because of lack of financial institution assurance. Therefore, Somaliland companies and governments need to invest in research and development: especially in patent law so the skills peoples and entrepreneurs do not worry about their business endeavours. In any case, Somaliland government need policies:

–    Need to regulate high prices in the market to fight poor living conditions

–    Positive discrimination to fight the inequalities and slum living conditions –    help the private companies in Somaliland with many labor unions

Somaliland Avoiding Major Pitfalls

Somaliland’s central government made revenue bargaining to accept institutional arrangements that provided significant safeguards against the possible rise of a powerful predatory state to help alleviate these concerns. Somaliland’s final constitution also included a system of both fiscal and political decentralisation

Many Somalilanders, particularly those beyond Hargeysa, deem decentralisation to be an inescapable condition for their participation in Somaliland’s political arrangement.

Somaliland’s government is fundamentally a product of political compromise, negotiation, and consensus. The result, as another analyst put it, is that

Some in the government don’t believe in our democratic process, but no one has enough power to destroy it. Human Rights Watch 2009

Somaliland and Somalia are not identical, so the comparison between the two countries should only be taken as suggestive. Clans in Somalia are more heterogeneous than in Somaliland, for example, which makes cooperation in Somalia more difficult (Bradbury 2008: 91) and Somaliland’s traditional institutions are more organised than those of Somalia (Reno 2003).

The idea that government dependency on domestic tax revenues creates an important mechanism of accountability is not new. Somaliland provides a new and thought provoking illustration of the connection between government dependency on local tax revenues and political accountability in a modern sub-Saharan African country.

Republic of Somaliland Emblem

The country’s National Emblem, as shown has: scales to symbolise justice; the eagle holding the scales as a sign of democracy; 2 hands shaking to symbolise equality and freedom; an olive branch to symbolise peace; the use of yellow to represent the light, beautiful culture and people of Somaliland; and an extract of Islamic calligraphy that translates to “In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful”. There are still aspects of the Somaliland government policy that are wholly traditional. An example is that the government continues to apply the 1962 penal code of the Somali Republic, due to Islamic religion influence

RELIGION

Under the Constitution of Somaliland, the state religion is Islam, where nearly all the Somaliland residents are Sunnis. This religion impacts a lot of the social norms and customs of the country, as well as the laws; an example is that alcohol is prohibited there. Even though the promotion of any other religion is illegal, different personal beliefs are permitted. This has resulted in a small number of Christians in Somaliland that have come from Catholic institutions in Aden, Djibouti, and Berbera.

CULTURE

Somaliland has a rich culture due to the wide range of Somali heritage and Islamic structures. Important forms of art include poetry, Henna paintings, the traditional dance Ceeyar Somali and jewellery. Apart from the commemoration of independence, other celebrations are focused around the religious festivals of Islam. Cuisine is diverse, incorporating a mixture of native Somali, Ethiopian, Yemeni, Arabian, Turkish, Asian and Indian influences, as a result of the trade and commerce.

How did it get here?

After the civil war at the end of the 1980s left much of Somaliland in ruins and its population exodus to many refugee camps in neighbouring Ethiopia – Somaliland rebuilt itself in “extraordinary isolation,” Somaliland’s history as a distinct region of Somalia dates back to the late 1800s and beyond. The territory was a British protectorate from 1884 until 1960, when it unified with the rest of present-day Somalia, which had been under Italian rule. The illegal merger faced varied multifaceted challenges early on, with many in Somaliland rejecting the centralisation of power in the Italia Somalia.
A rebel group, the Somali National Movement (SNM), emerged in Somaliland in the 1980s opposing the military junta of President Siad Barre, which seized power in 1969. In January 1991, SNM and other insurgent groups ousted Barre, whose forces had committed Genocide large scale against tribes of Isaaq and destroyed 90% of Somaliland’s infrastructure. Somaliland refused to recognise an interim government led by another militia group rebel junior USC, and that May it declared Somaliland’s independence, with the city of Hargeisa as capital.
It took delegates a decade to thrash out a new constitution for Somaliland, which voters overwhelmingly approved in 2001. The referendum saw a transition from a power-sharing agreement among leading clans to a multiparty democracy. Although some international observers applauded the peaceful vote, no government recognised the process. Somaliland stood ALONE during genocide and again during peace process & State building. Therefore, Somaliland will protect its sovereignty until end of time against anything.

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What is Somaliland’s case for independence?

RELATIONSHIP WITH SOMALIA

Since 1991, the relationship between Somaliland and Somalia has been strained; Somalia has never been in favour of Somaliland’s leaving the illegal union by liberating its territory after 1960s with arms combatants of SNM.

Despite having started to try and form a future relationship with each other in 2012 – mostly on the part of Somaliland – this collapsed in 2015 because Somalia failed to fulfil what had been agreed and was uncommitted to the discussions. Even now, the Somali Government is reluctant to collaborate with Somaliland in any way. The reason is Somalia believe they have inherited Somaliland from the colonization period of 1960s, which is absurd, Somaliland was an independent country in 26^th June 1960 before Somalia. The international community should enforce the legality of Somaliland de jure of 26^th June 1960 instead pretending Somalia as parent-state, another absurdity, two countries tried to unite in an illegal act of union, which failed with Somalia in 1991.  Somaliland need political recognition from the international community to confirm its legality.

The modern Republic of Somaliland, which declared its independence from Somalia on 18 May 1991, is the territory established by the British in the Horn of Africa toward the end of the nineteenth century. In 26 June 1960, after more than seven decades as a British protectorate, the territory received its independence from Queen Elizabeth II. Following the collapse of the Somali government in 1991, Somaliland announced the dissolution of the 1960 union with Somalia, but its declaration of independence has yet to be recognised by a single member of the United Nations. The Somaliland government asserts that it meets most of the requirements of a sovereign democratic state: it holds free and fair elections, has its own currency and security forces, and issues its own passports. It also says that its independence claim is consistent with a longstanding norm of the African Union and its predecessor that colonial-era borders should be maintained.

Forms of Colonial in two countries ill-fated union in the Horn of Africa:

Indirect rule: 1884-1960 British Somaliland Protectorate: During 1960s, Somalilander had a standing army (Camel corps) and Police unit with the country with its own internal government-based Sultans and Aqil. But under the control in Berbera Head Post of the British officials, which in terms of political matters 90% they made decision of external issues and rarely internal issues of the country.

Direct rule: 1892-1960 Italian Imperialism in Somalia colony: Between 40k-60 000 Italian foreign power lived in Mogadishu by governed internally whole Somalia. Italy controls everything in Somalia to economy to tax collection, labour and military and maintenance of law and order.

1960-1990 Italy Imperialism continue as Somalia stay as Italy sphere of influence which claims exclusive investment and trading privileges. During 1960-69, Somalia imported pure political system of Italian to Mogadishu and try to impost it to Somaliland to another country-British-system tried to united with Somalia. The shock was so huge, it created a wave of pure-resistance from Hargeisa main-based capital of Somaliland from 1960 to 1988. Until Somaliland was liberated in 18th May 1991 reclaiming its independence as well as ending the illegal union.

Similarity of Benito Mussolini (Oct 1922-1943) and Dictator Siyad Barre (Oct 1969-1990) rule each respectively 21 years Italy and Somalia with millions death of their citizens in their bloody incompetence hand. Only difference Mussolini was appointed but Siyad Barre came in military coup and academicians said in bloodless coup but it is lies, he killed immediately several suspected opponents or just fear competition. In conclusion, Mussolini is the father figure (the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship) of Siyad Barre. Period!

As for Somaliland, the UK Conservative Party was always the primary party that supported the full free independence of the Republic of Somaliland from 1957 up to independence 26th June1960 then up to 1991-2025, when the illegal union was dissolved as Somalia is failed state.

British Somaliland Politics:

In 1957, The Legislative Council of British Somaliland consisted of government officials and appointees, including the Governor. In 1958, a greater number of elected Somalilander members was created. The British Somaliland’s first Legislative Council was established in 1957, and the first parliamentary elections were held on 18th March 1959. Following independence on 26th June 1960, the Legislative Council was replaced by a Legislative Assembly with 33 elected members. Somaliland’s politicians had only three years of experience governing a country before the independence of 26th June 1960 after a century of British protectorate. British Somaliland had a Governor, three ex-officio members, five government officials, and six of the Governor’s appointees initially formed the Legislative Council (1957-1960). The membership increased to twenty-four in 1959 with the election of twelve new members.

During 1960s Somaliland’s politicians, naïve about international law and lacking governing skills, were ill-equipped to manage a country of its size, particularly against the unlawful union created by Italian predator old-guard fascist of 1942 train Somalia policymakers for 10 years up to 1960. Therefore, the so-called union of 1960s conflict mirrored the classic struggle between the weak and the strong, much like a lamb facing a wolf. The case reverted in the favor of Somaliland 18th May 1991 (David) versus (Goliath) Somalia. Somaliland prevailed in its legal & moral battle with Somalia.

International Community for Somaliland’s recognition after 1991?

DATA OF SOMALILAND:

Discussion of 94 US university law students and 15 international lawyers.

Somaliland’s story is not one of secession but of reclaiming independence 26th June 1960. After an ill-fated union with Somalia and subsequent oppression, Somaliland fought for and won its freedom in 1991, achieving remarkable stability in the political volatile Horn of Africa. This historical account corrects misconceptions and highlights Somaliland’s unique journey.

According to the international laws with the best lawyers from USA (New York to Texas), Europe and UK including US students of laws debated about Somaliland recognition if it goes to the ICJ brought by another country in the behalf of Somaliland:

Can a country legally separate from another country?

Only if you have the permission of the country (parent-state) you are seceding from like: Tsjechoslowakia split into Tsjechia and Slovakia. No problems. Estland, Letland, Lithuania split from USSR and some other countries to. No problems. Bangla Desh separated from Pakistan. They were to far apart. Yugoslavia split into Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia. A lot of war between Croatia, Serbia and civil war in Bosnia. Kosovo separated from Serbia. Nato intervened.

Should the international community acknowledge the legality of Somaliland’s independence, declared on 26th June 1960, a new Somaliland Republic might emerge in the 21st century. The complexity between Somaliland and Somalia’s illegal union means that separating would cost tens of thousands of man-hours on both sides. Although independent, Somaliland isn’t internationally recognised as a country. The outbreak of hostilities, fuelled by the SNM and two other groups, resulted in the union’s failure and Somaliland’s subsequent liberation of its territory.

Somalia narrative 1960s: Can a country (Somaliland) willingly relinquish its sovereignty and merge with another nation (Somalia)?

Somaliland narrative 1991: Is it possible for Somaliland to reclaim territory that was previously taken away illegally via SYL politicians elites doctoring the union? In the perspective of Somaliland, the union of 1960s was never valid. From 1961, Somalilander attempt failed military coup. Then, Somalilander politicians meeting clandestine outside the country from late 1970s how to fight against the dictator Siyad Barre until the creation of SNM in 1982.

International community’s dilemma: Has any country been returned to its original owner by another nation? If so, which countries and for what reasons? That is premise of self-determination which don’t apply to Somaliland inherited legality of 26^th June 1960s.

Those solution don’t give answer: Can two countries agree among themselves and merge to become one country? European powers granted independence to countries, not regions, during the decolonization of the 1960s. Therefore, the international community is in dilemma between Somaliland independence 26th June 1960, and how to solve the illegal union of 1st July 1960. For 28 years: 1960-1988, Somaliland and Somalia have been locked in a complex political entanglement that has proven difficult to unravel. Future Recognized Internationally Somaliland’s potential to sue Somalia for various past wrongs “ISAAQ GENOCIDE” and war reparations over the next two hundred years hinges on the existence of effective legal mechanisms for enforcement.

United Arab Republic (1958-61), a temporary union of Egypt and Syria. As it was between Syria and Egypt merged to one country called United Arab Republic in 1958 but they separated again in 1961.

Senegal + Gambia: Senegambia

The educated in abroad diaspora of Somalia created narrative for Somalia Gov:  Somalia and Somaliland was two partition regions in the 1960s and not two countries to delay Somaliland political recognition in 1991?

Correct historical narrative: During the decolonization period, European powers granted independence to entire countries, not just regions (sector of minimum 10-20 countries group), as the primary outcome of the process was the establishment of new, sovereign states. This meant that colonial territories transformed into independent nations with their own governments and political systems. Therefore, while decolonization was a complex process with varying outcomes, the core objective was the establishment of independent countries rather than merely granting autonomy to specific regions within a larger colonial structure. In conclusion, Somaliland was not a region created in the 26th June 1960 so they can unite with Somalia as an autonomy region but the British decolonisation towards Somaliland was to relinquish control and grant independence to their colonies, leading the Somalilander politicians make own future decision, involved the transfer of sovereignty from colonial rulers to locally formed governments. If Somaliland tried to unite with Somalia was own fate and not in the hand of European powers directive.

The decolonization process involved the dissolution of colonial rule and the transfer of national sovereignty rights to the newly independent states. This resulted in the emergence of numerous new nations, particularly in Asia and Africa, following World War II. 

Somaliland War Memorial- A Brief Overview

Remembering Genocide: What Happened in the 1988 in the final solution against Somalilanders History

The Somalilanders suffer war and genocide resulted in close to 250,000 civilians killed in the Somalia primary attack (bombing civilians: 60k) and secondary effect (150k died of exhaustion, hungers, and disease children & elderly and women as well as explosives mine in the grounds along the frontiers in the period of 1988-1991 as well as fighting between SNM and Somalia troops), over 1.2 million people forcibly displaced, and between 80,000-150,000 rural population systematically ethnic cleansing from 1980-1988. Beginning in 1980, Somalia established a vast, open prison in Somaliland, primarily using its substantial military presence there. This led to direct and indirect ethnic cleansing, dispossessing Somalilanders of their ancestral lands and property including destroyed economic of Somalilander from businesses to import & export. Seventy-six years of British rule in Somaliland pales in comparison to the harm inflicted by this so-called fraternal union of 1960s.

Merging Independent Countries: First about merged and then separated independent country involves several stages of political and legal processes. It starts with two or more independent entities agreeing to merge into a single state, followed by a process of separation, which can involve secession movements, referendums, or treaties leading to the formation of new independent states: If Somaliland is recognized internationally politically can sue in the ICJ Somalia for the next 150 years for the illegal union and the genocide perpetrated in 1988: Somalia as a state obligated to pay compensation for damages and losses caused by the war in 1988-90 against the civilians between 92-150 years long.

1. Negotiation and Agreement: Somalia SYL politicians created the first historical scam in the Horn of Africa. Somalia takeover another country (Somaliland) without fights back of the population and its politicians: Making Somalia responsible for the illegal political move to takeover another country…

The process begins with political negotiations and agreements between the leaders and governments of the countries involved. This involves discussions on a wide range of issues, including political structure, economic integration, legal frameworks, and cultural identity.

2. Constitutional Amendment: Somalia SYL Elites doctoring the procedural of the union: Making illegal Union between Somaliland and Somalia in the international laws…

Existing constitutions may need to be amended to accommodate the merger. This can involve creating a new constitution for the combined entity or modifying existing ones to reflect the new political and legal arrangements.

3. Popular Vote: First illegal gerrymander votes in the so-called union were done in Somalia: Making popular vote for union invalid in 1960s.

In many cases, referendums or general elections are held to gain popular consent for the merger. This ensures that the decision is supported by the citizens of the involved countries.

4. Establishment of New Institutions: Somaliland rejected completely in December 1961

Once the merger is agreed upon, new institutions and governmental bodies are created to govern the combined state. This includes establishing a new parliament, government, and administrative structures.

Separation of a Country: Doesn’t apply to Somaliland since Somaliland is a country from 26^th June 1960 then tried to unite with Somalia. To make short the story, the union collapse in 1991 when Somalia enter failed state and Somaliland revert it by reclaiming 18th May 1991 its independence of 1960s. However, the international community try to force Somaliland to be a region born in 1991 with no legal frontier and the liberation of SNM as rebels who takeover so called “Northern” region, which is false narrative created to hinder Somaliland recognition of 26^th June 1960.  De facto ”Northern region” narrative was born to please the Somalia abyss, Somalilander politicians  spineless fear attack of Somalia coalition (Darood-Hawiye) after suffering in 1988 the first historical genocide country (Somalia) doing to another country Somaliland.

1. Secession Movements: Within the merged country, groups may arise seeking to secede and form their own independent state. These movements often express distinct political, cultural, or economic identity within the larger entity. (Doesn’t apply to Somaliland: Somaliland 26th June 1960 as whole is a country not a region nor a groups)

2. Referendums: Referendums or elections may be held within the specific region or area seeking separation. This provides an opportunity for citizens to express their support for secession. (Doesn’t apply to Somaliland)

3. Negotiations and Treaties: If there is widespread support for separation, negotiations between the secessionist region and the central government may take place. This can lead to treaties or agreements that recognize the new independent state. (Didn’t happened in 1960s between Somaliland vs Somalia: demonstrating Union: “null and void!” )

4. International Recognition: The newly formed state needs to be recognized by other countries to gain legitimacy within the international community. This requires a process of diplomatic engagement and recognition by the United Nations and other relevant international bodies. (Somaliland achieved international recognition in 26th June 1960: United Kingdom, the United States, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Israel, Libya, and the Soviet Union)

Examples:

Czechoslovakia: After the Velvet Revolution, Czechoslovakia peacefully separated into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Soviet Union: The dissolution of the Soviet Union resulted in the formation of numerous independent states.

International Law Considerations:

Self-determination: The principle of self-determination, which allows people to decide their own form of government, is a key consideration in both merging and separating states, according to the BBC. In Africa, specially during the decolonisation period, which Somaliland gained that independence 26^th June 1960. Therefore, Self-determination doesn’t apply between Somaliland and Somalia since they are two countries at the beginning who tried to unite until Somalia failed as State and Somaliland liberated their territory by ousting the Somalian occupation that endure from 1960 to 1990 with an illegal union with Somalia.

Sovereignty: A state’s ability to conduct relations on a sovereign basis is another important aspect of both merging and separating, according to the BBC. Somaliland has sovereignty as they have relations and trade with several countries. Ethiopia (Billion dollar trade) UAE (half billion dollar investment in Berbera) including, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti and rest of the world. Taiwan have not yet initiated trade with Somaliland but works with the JSL Gov in the forms of Aid development.

2012 UK Negotiation between Somaliland-Somalia: Last drama between Somaliland and Somalia International communities force Somaliland in 2012 to accept secessionist legal position by allowing to start talks so-called parent-state Somalia, twice Somaliland population was deceit: 1960s then again 2012.

What is Somaliland’s strategic importance?

Somaliland is positioned along the Gulf of Aden near the entrance to the Bab al-Mandeb, a major sea-lane through which almost one-third of the world’s shipping passes. Its location has helped the government attract new trade and development deals. For instance, in late 2016, a Dubai firm DP World announced that it would invest nearly $450 million to manage and upgrade the port of Berbera and develop a corridor running from there to the Ethiopian border. Ethiopia got a share in the deal.

Somaliland Timeline

26th June 1960: The former British Somaliland protectorate briefly obtained independence as the State of Somaliland

1st July 1960: Trust Territory of Somalia gained independence and tried to annexe State of Somaliland with the intention so-called Act of Union but the followed suit was Somalia occupation of Somaliland in the name of becoming The Somali Republic.

October 1969: Dictator Mohamed Siad Barre staged a coup and overthrew the President. Somaliland rejected military coup against Siad Barre, which fueled the Somalia Civil War

May 1988 Isaaq Genocide: The Siad Barre Government began a crackdown against the Hargeisa- based Somali National Movement (SNM) and other militant groups, mainly situated in the Somaliland territory.

January 1991: Somali President Mohamed Siad Barre was ousted and Somalia collapsed

May 1991: The State of Somaliland reclaim its independence of 26^th June 1960 as the Republic of Somaliland

2001 Somaliland Constitution: More than 97% of the population voted to validate the Somaliland’s constitution, in a referendum aimed at affirming Somaliland’s 26th June 1960 independence

2005 Somaliland Democracy: Somaliland voted in the first multi-party parliamentary elections since they have liberated their country from Somalia

2025 Somaliland: Somaliland celebrates 34 years liberated its country from Somalia occupation, but remains unrecognized, despite being a mature state with a government, currency, flag, the ability to enter relations with other countries, etc.